NOTES: The gallery and upper floors were reached by five spiral staircases around the courtyard: the most important of these is the Scala Regia (Royal Stairs) rising through the three floors, frescoed by Antonio Tempesta.
NOTES: This palace was built by Pope Gregory XIII in 1574 as a summer residence. It served as a papal residence and housed the central offices responsible for the civil government of the Papal States until 1870. It has been the official residence and workplace of the Presidents of the Italian Republic since 1946.