Castellation

NOTES: The Arsenale was mainly built and enlarged during the 14th and 15th centuries.

NOTES: Located on the River Havel, this Tudor style palace was built as the summer residence of Emperor Wilhelm I and his wife Augusta in 1833-1835 to designs by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. It was modified with additions by Ludwig Persius and Johann Heinrich Strack in 1844-1849.

NOTES: Located on the River Havel, this Tudor style palace was built as the summer residence of Emperor Wilhelm I and his wife Augusta in 1833-1835 to designs by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. It was modified with additions by Ludwig Persius and Johann Heinrich Strack in 1844-1849.

NOTES: This royal palace, rebuilt for Charles VII, was begun in French late Gothic Flamboyant style in 1491and involved the French builders Colin Biart, Guillaume Senault and Louis Armangeart. After 1496, Renaissance features were added by two Italian mason-builders, Domenico da Cortona and Fra Giocondo. The drum towers were completed by Francois I in 1515-1519.

NOTES: This Papal palace was built between 1335 and 1364 in two principal phases with two distinct segments. The first, known as the Palais Vieux, was constructed by Pierre Poisson of Mirepoix on the instruction of Pope Bendict XII. The second was an extension designed by Jean de Louvres which became known as the Palais Neuf.

NOTES: Once a separate royal palace built by Bernard Aton Trencavel, this castle was converted into a citadel, consisting of a double ring of ramparts and 53 towers, when Carcassonne became part of the royal estate in 1226. The citadel was was restored by Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc in 1853-1879. After Viollet's death the restorations were completed to his designs by his pupil Paul Boeswillwald. Later the architect Henri Nodet carried out further restoration work.

NOTES: This is the largest and best preserved gateway in the Aurelian walls. It was built in the 5th century and restored in the 6th. The towers, resting on basements of marble blocks, are medieval.

NOTES: The castle-like building, La Lonja, was built as the city's exchange by Guillem Sagrera in 1426-1448.

NOTES: This is probably a variant on a design for Slingsby Castle, Slingsby, Yorkshire.